? 3．动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别 ? 动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或和主动。 ? the risen sun? 升起了的太阳 ? the rising sun?? 正在升起的太阳 ? boiled water?? 开水 ? boiling water?? 正沸腾的水 ? developed countries 发达国家 ? developing countries 发展中国家 ? fallen leaves?? 落叶 ? falling leaves?? 正在飘落的叶子 ? changed condition 改变了的情况 ? changing condition 变化着的情况 ? D．动词的-ed形式作状语 ? 动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、?方式或伴随情况等。 ? 1．表示时间 ? 动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 ? Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。（= When the city is seen from the tower...）? ? Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。（= After we had been shown the lab...） ? Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。(= After he was completely examined...) ? 提示： ? 有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。 ? When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。 ? Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。 ? Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。 ? 2. 表示原因 ? 动词的-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 ? Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。（= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...） ? Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。（=As it was written in haste ...）? ? Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。(Because we were excited by...) ? 注意： ? 为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。 ? Even if invited,I won'tgo.? 即使受到邀请，我也不去。 ? Though beaten by the opposite team,they did not lose heart. 虽然被对手打败，便他们并没有丧失信心。 ? Unless invited,he will not come back to the company.? 除非被邀请，不然他不会回到公司来的。 ? 3. 表示条件 ? 动词的-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 ? Heated, water changes into steam. 加热，水就能变成蒸汽。（= If water is heated...） ? Given more time, he would be able to do better. 假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。（= If he was given more time ...） ? Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。 ? 4. 表示让步 ? 动词的-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个thoughalthough引导的让步状语从句。 ? Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。（= Although they were exhausted by the running ...） ? Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。（= Even if he was laughed by many people ...） ? Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder. 尽管一天被盘问了多次，安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。 ? 提示： ? 有时动词的-ed形式作状语和动词的-ing形式的被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。 ? Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。 ? = Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。 ? Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。 ? = Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。 ? 5．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。 ? 动词的-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。 ? The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。（= and he was surrounded by the students） ? He went into the office, followed by some children. 他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。(= and he was followed by some children) ? They turned around and stood in the middle of the room, completely astonished. 他们转过身来，站在房间中央，完全惊呆了。 ? She accepted the gift, deeply moved.? 她接受了礼物，深深地感动了。 ? 注意： ? 动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。 ? 【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour. ? 【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 被邀请出席国宴是极大的荣耀。 ? 【误】I cannot stand laughed at. ? 【正】I cannot stand being laughed at. 我不能容忍被人嘲笑。、?动词的-ed形式的逻辑主语

　　A．动词的-ed形式在句中作状语和表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。 ? Locked up, he had no way to escape. 他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。 ? Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思，几乎撞到了前面的汽车。 ? She became discouraged at the news. 听到这个消息，她泄气了。 ? Though it was 1000 a.m., the door of the shop remained locked. 尽管已经是上午10点了，商店的门仍然锁着。 ? B．当动词的-ed形式在句中作定语时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被动关系。 ? The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是16世纪出版的。 ? The computer center, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school. 去年开办的计算机中心深受这所学校的学生喜爱。 ? A lighted candle lit up the cellar. 一支点燃的蜡烛照亮了地下室。 ? C．当动词的-ed形式在句中作宾语补语或主语补语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 ? Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. 薇薇恩把手指卡在自行车链条里了。（trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers） ? The valuable vase was found stolen. 那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了。（stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase） ? We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in. 我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟, 很明显小偷闯进来了。 ? D．动词的-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语，常用作状语（详见“独立主格结构”）。 ? Everything done, we went home.?一切事情都做完了，我们就回家了。 ? All our money run out, Henry had to find another job. 钱都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。 ? He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. 他躺在草地上，头枕着双手。 ? All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到所有的情况，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。 ? E．动词的-ed形式作独立成分。 ? 动词的-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分，不受逻辑主语的限制。 ? Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said. 坦白地说，我不同意他所说的。 ? Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. 考虑到他一般的身体状况，手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间。

　　? 3．动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别 ? 动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或和主动。 ? the risen sun? 升起了的太阳 ? the rising sun?? 正在升起的太阳 ? boiled water?? 开水 ? boiling water?? 正沸腾的水 ? developed countries 发达国家 ? developing countries 发展中国家 ? fallen leaves?? 落叶 ? falling leaves?? 正在飘落的叶子 ? changed condition 改变了的情况 ? changing condition 变化着的情况 ? D．动词的-ed形式作状语 ? 动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、?方式或伴随情况等。 ? 1．表示时间 ? 动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 ? Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。（= When the city is seen from the tower...）? ? Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。（= After we had been shown the lab...） ? Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。(= After he was completely examined...) ? 提示： ? 有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。 ? When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。 ? Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。 ? Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。 ? 2. 表示原因 ? 动词的-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 ? Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。（= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...） ? Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。（=As it was written in haste ...）? ? Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。(Because we were excited by...) ? 注意： ? 为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。 ? Even if invited,I won'tgo.? 即使受到邀请，我也不去。 ? Though beaten by the opposite team,they did not lose heart. 虽然被对手打败，便他们并没有丧失信心。 ? Unless invited,he will not come back to the company.? 除非被邀请，不然他不会回到公司来的。 ? 3. 表示条件 ? 动词的-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 ? Heated, water changes into steam. 加热，水就能变成蒸汽。（= If water is heated...） ? Given more time, he would be able to do better. 假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。（= If he was given more time ...） ? Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。 ? 4. 表示让步 ? 动词的-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个thoughalthough引导的让步状语从句。 ? Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。（= Although they were exhausted by the running ...） ? Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。（= Even if he was laughed by many people ...） ? Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder. 尽管一天被盘问了多次，安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。 ? 提示： ? 有时动词的-ed形式作状语和动词的-ing形式的被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。 ? Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。 ? = Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。 ? Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。 ? = Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。 ? 5．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。 ? 动词的-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。 ? The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。（= and he was surrounded by the students） ? He went into the office, followed by some children. 他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。(= and he was followed by some children) ? They turned around and stood in the middle of the room, completely astonished. 他们转过身来，站在房间中央，完全惊呆了。 ? She accepted the gift, deeply moved.? 她接受了礼物，深深地感动了。 ? 注意： ? 动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。 ? 【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour. ? 【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 被邀请出席国宴是极大的荣耀。 ? 【误】I cannot stand laughed at. ? 【正】I cannot stand being laughed at. 我不能容忍被人嘲笑。、?动词的-ed形式的逻辑主语

　　A．动词的-ed形式在句中作状语和表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。 ? Locked up, he had no way to escape. 他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。 ? Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思，几乎撞到了前面的汽车。 ? She became discouraged at the news. 听到这个消息，她泄气了。 ? Though it was 1000 a.m., the door of the shop remained locked. 尽管已经是上午10点了，商店的门仍然锁着。 ? B．当动词的-ed形式在句中作定语时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被动关系。 ? The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是16世纪出版的。 ? The computer center, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school. 去年开办的计算机中心深受这所学校的学生喜爱。 ? A lighted candle lit up the cellar. 一支点燃的蜡烛照亮了地下室。 ? C．当动词的-ed形式在句中作宾语补语或主语补语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 ? Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. 薇薇恩把手指卡在自行车链条里了。（trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers） ? The valuable vase was found stolen. 那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了。（stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase） ? We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in. 我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟, 很明显小偷闯进来了。 ? D．动词的-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语，常用作状语（详见“独立主格结构”）。 ? Everything done, we went home.?一切事情都做完了，我们就回家了。 ? All our money run out, Henry had to find another job. 钱都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。 ? He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. 他躺在草地上，头枕着双手。 ? All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到所有的情况，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。 ? E．动词的-ed形式作独立成分。 ? 动词的-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分，不受逻辑主语的限制。 ? Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said. 坦白地说，我不同意他所说的。 ? Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. 考虑到他一般的身体状况，手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间。